The Impact of Sport-Specific Imagery on Skill Acquisition and Performance / El impacto de las imágenes específicas del deporte en la adquisición de habilidades y el rendimiento

The research study aims to determine the impact of sport-specific imagery on skill acquisition and performance. Based on the primary data analysis for collecting the research data, this study used questions related to the independent and dependent variables. The sport-specific imagery is the main independent variable, and skill acquisition is a mediator between them. Performance is the main dependent variable for measuring the result. For this purpose, SPSS software generated informative results related to the variables. The result shows that descriptive statistics, pair correlation, variance ratio analysis, the regression analysis also present the graphical analysis between them. The overall research study found sport-specific imagery's direct and significant impact on skill acquisition and performance. The resulting study also found that skill acquisition plays a vital role in performance.(AU)

Time course changes in corticospinal excitability during repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation combined with motor imagery.

Repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation (rPMS) induces proprioceptive afferents and facilitates corticospinal excitability. Short-term sessions of rPMS combined with motor imagery (MI) enhance corticospinal excitability more than rPMS alone. However, it is not clear how long the intervention of rPMS combined with MI would be needed to facilitate corticospinal excitability. Therefore, we investigated the time course change in corticospinal excitability during the combination of rPMS and MI. Thirteen healthy volunteers participated in a 20-min intervention under the following three experimental conditions on different days: rPMS, MI, and rPMS combined with MI (rPMS + MI). In the rPMS and rPMS + MI, the participants were delivered rPMS, which was 25 Hz, 2 s/train at 1.5 × of the train intensity induced muscle contractions, through the wrist extensor muscles. In the MI and rPMS + MI, the participants repeatedly imagined wrist movements for 2 s. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded from the extensor carpi radialis (ECR) and flexor carpi radialis (FCR) muscles every 5 min for each condition. The MEP amplitudes of the ECR after > 10 min of intermittent rPMS combined with MI were greater than baseline. The MEP amplitude of the ECR in rPMS + MI was greater than that in rPMS condition after 20 min of intervention. The present results suggest that over 10 min of intermittent rPMS combined with MI facilitates corticospinal excitability, and that the effect of rPMS combined with MI on corticospinal excitability might be greater than that of rPMS alone.

Discursos visuales del conflicto armado interno peruano en el libro de fotografías “Yuyanapaq. Para recordar” / Visual discourses of the Peruvian internal armed conflict in the book “Yuyanapaq. Para recordar”

El libro de fotografías “Yuyanapaq. Para recordar” fue editado por la Comisión de la Verdad y la Reconciliación del Perú y presentado el año 2003 como uno de los productos de la investiga-ción realizada en torno al periodo del conflicto armado interno que vivió el país entre los años 1980-2000. A través de una investigación cualitativa se analizan los discursos visuales que se proponen en 14 fotografías del libro, planteando tres categorías de análisis: los cuerpos muer-tos, las personas encapuchadas y las personas que observan. Los resultados dan cuenta de una guerra cruel y generalizada. También muestran que la exposición de las fotografías propone una serie de discursos alternativos y no una sola historia del conflicto y que la posibilidad de que estas imágenes permitan nuevos procesos de memoria no solo es posible sino también ne-cesaria. (AU)

The photo book “Yuyanapaq. Para recordar” was published by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Peru and presented in 2003 as part of the research on Peru’s internal conflict carried out around the period of the Peruvian internal armed conflict (1980-2000). Through qualitative research, the visual discourses proposed in 14 photographs of the book are ana-lyzed, proposing three categories of analysis: dead bodies, hooded people and people who ob-serve. The results show a cruel and widespread war. They also show that the exhibition pro-poses a series of alternative discourses and that the probability that these images allow the development of new memory processes is not only plausible but necessary. (AU)

La teoría del sueño de F. S. Perls: evolución, problemas teóricos y prácticos / F. S. Perls's dream theory: evolution, theoretical and practical problems / A teoria do sonho de F. S. perls: evolução, problemas teóricos e práticos

La teoría del sueño creada por F. S. Perls, tradicionalmente, ha sido caracterizada como una proyección o un mensaje existencial. Sin embargo, esta descripción sólo representa una explicación simplista de la conceptualización más amplia y original del fenómeno onírico desarrollada por Perls. En este sentido, en el presente escrito se hace una exposición ordenada de la teoría perlsiana del sueño, así como un análisis crítico de las proposiciones en las cuales se fundamenta, prestando especial atención a los errores inherentes en ésta y sus implicaciones en la práctica clínica. Se concluye que la teoría perlsiana de lo onírico evolucionó en tres etapas, a saber, modelo original del sueño, modelo de correspondencia y modelo clásico del sueño, cada uno de los cuales constituye, por derecho propio, una teoría del sueño en la cual se define el fenómeno onírico de una manera particular y se le atribuyen funciones psicológicas y terapéuticas concretas, al igual que una metodología de trabajo específica.

The dream theory created by F. S. Perls, traditionally, has been characterized as a projection or an existential message. However, this description only represents a simplistic explanation of the broader and original conceptualization of the dream phenomenon developed by Perls. In this regard, in this paper an orderly exposition of the perlsian theory of the dream is done, as well as a critical analysis of the propositions on which it is based, paying special attention to the errors inherent in it and its implications in clinical practice. It is concluded that the perlsian theory of the oneiric evolved in three stages, namely, original model of the dream, model of correspondence and classical model of the dream, each of which constitutes, in its own right, a theory of the dream in which it defines the dream phenomenon in a particular way and is attributed to specific psychological and therapeutic functions, as well as a specific work methodology.

A teoria sobre sonhos criada por F. S. Perls tem sido tradicionalmente caracterizada como uma projeção ou uma mensagem existencial. No entanto, esta descrição representa apenas uma explicação simplista da conceituação mais ampla e original do fenômeno onírico desenvolvida por Perls. Este artigo apresenta uma exposição ordenada da teoria perlsiana do sonho e uma análise crítica de seus pressupostos, com especial atenção para os erros inerentes a ela e suas implicações na prática clínica. Conclui-se que a teoria perlsiana dos sonhos evoluiu em três fases a saber, a) modelo original do sonho, b) modelo de correspondência, e c) modelo clássico de sono. Cada um desses modelos constitui-se de forma própria como uma teoria específica sobre sonhos na qual define o fenômeno onírico de uma maneira particular e lhe são atribuídos funções psicológicas e terapêuticas concretas, bem como uma metodologia de trabalho específica.

Indirect modulation of human visual memory.

Conditions in which memories become maladaptive have inspired extensive research geared to modulate memory by targeting it directly and explicitly. Given limitations of direct memory modulation, we asked the following: can the target memories be modulated indirectly? To address this question, we uniquely targeted visual memories, and leveraged a paradigm utilizing instructions to either forget or remember newly encoded memories. We used a multi-domain approach, and applied the instructions to embedded verbal information presented during encoding (words), with the intention to indirectly modulate recognition of the target visual context memory itself (pictures). Accordingly, participants were presented with two lists of words, where each word was preceded and followed by pictures. Participants were instructed to either remember or forget the first list of words. As expected, the instruction to either remember or forget the words differentially influenced word memory strength. Importantly, the instruction regarding the words, indirectly modulated picture memory strength. Better memory for words resulted in reduced picture memory strength and vice versa, with the instruction to remember the words reducing picture memory strength. Together with a negative correlation between word and picture memory strength, the results suggest a competition for shared resources between memory for content and context. These findings may open new avenues to indirectly modulate maladaptive memories.

História e memória de vidro: as fotografias brasileiras do eclipse de 1919 em Sobral / History and memory on glass: the Brazilian photographs of the 1919 eclipse in Sobral

Resumo O objetivo do artigo é divulgar as fotografias astronômicas feitas pela expedição brasileira enviada a Sobral para registrar o eclipse total do Sol de 29 de maio de 1919. Uma rica coleção de fotografias, na maioria inéditas, disponíveis em suporte de placas de vidro, encontra-se na Biblioteca do Observatório Nacional. A fotografia ocupou lugar central na astronomia do século XX. O eclipse de Sobral ganhou repercussão mundial devido à comprovação da teoria da relatividade geral pelas expedições inglesas. Neste texto ressaltamos a participação dos astrônomos do Observatório Nacional no evento, pois foram os primeiros brasileiros a ter sucesso na obtenção de fotografias da coroa solar.

Abstract The objective of this article is to disseminate the astronomical photographs taken by the Brazilian expedition sent to Sobral (state of Ceará) to record the total eclipse of the Sun on May 29, 1919. There is a rich collection of photographs, most unpublished, available on glass plates stored in the Library of the Observatório Nacional. Photography was central to astronomy in the twentieth century. Thus, while the eclipse in Sobral had worldwide repercussions due to the proof of the theory of general relativity by the English expeditions, in this article we highlight the participation of astronomers from the Observatório Nacional at the same event, since they were the first Brazilians to successfully obtain photographs of the Sun's corona.

Population response magnitude variation in inferotemporal cortex predicts image memorability.

Most accounts of image and object encoding in inferotemporal cortex (IT) focus on the distinct patterns of spikes that different images evoke across the IT population. By analyzing data collected from IT as monkeys performed a visual memory task, we demonstrate that variation in a complementary coding scheme, the magnitude of the population response, can largely account for how well images will be remembered. To investigate the origin of IT image memorability modulation, we probed convolutional neural network models trained to categorize objects. We found that, like the brain, different natural images evoked different magnitude responses from these networks, and in higher layers, larger magnitude responses were correlated with the images that humans and monkeys find most memorable. Together, these results suggest that variation in IT population response magnitude is a natural consequence of the optimizations required for visual processing, and that this variation has consequences for visual memory.

Cajal in Barcelona: From yesterday to today, from the neuron to the network

The synaptic and network theories of memory, which Cajal first advanced in Barcelona around 1890, have been firmly established and elaborated by three generations of neuroscientists. This article outlines a corollary model of memory in the cerebral cortex that derives from those theories and is empirically supported by modern functional methods. The model posits that the elementary unit of memory or knowledge is a network of neurons of the cerebral cortex associated by life experience according to Hebbian principles of synaptic modulation (a cognit). Networks or cognits of perceptual memory are hierarchically organized and distributed in posterior association cortex; those of executive memory, also hierarchically organized, are distributed in frontal association cortex. In the course of goal-directed behavior and language, perceptual and executive cognits engage in the perception-action cycle, the cybernetic cycle that dynamically links the cortical cognitive networks with the environment in the pursuit of goals,. The prefrontal cortex, at the summit of that cycle, and interacting with cortical and subcortical structures, guides behavior and language to their goals by means of its executive functions of planning, executive attention, working memory, decision-making, and inhibitory control

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Cueing color imagery: A critical analysis of imagery-perception congruency effects.

The relation between mental imagery and visual perception is a long debated topic in experimental psychology. In a recent study, Wantz, Borst, Mast, and Lobmaier (2015) demonstrated that color imagery could benefit color perception in a task that involved generating imagery in response to a cue prior to a forced-choice color discrimination task. Here, we scrutinized whether the method of Wantz et al. warrants strong inferences about the role of color imagery in color perception. In Experiments 1-3, we demonstrate that the imagery effect reported by Wantz et al. does replicate nicely using their method but does not occur when cue-target contingencies and a redundancy between the imagery and response dimensions are removed from their method. In Experiments 4-6, we explored cued imagery effects further using a method in which the cued imagery dimension was orthogonal to the response dimension. The results of these experiments demonstrate that a compelling endogenously cued imagery effect does not occur for lone targets but does occur for singleton color targets embedded amid homogenous color distractors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Specifying the boundary conditions of the multimedia effect: The influence of content and its distribution between text and pictures.

It was investigated whether the beneficial effect of picture presentation might be influenced by the content conveyed through text and pictures and the way information is distributed between them. Ninety-nine students learnt in five between-subjects learning conditions (i.e., text with spatial contents plus pictures, text with visual contents plus pictures, only text with spatial contents, only text with visual contents, only picture) about a tourist centre and a holiday farm. Results showed that pictures (i.e., maps) were beneficial for learning if spatial knowledge had to be acquired, but did not support learning when non-spatial, visual knowledge had to be acquired. Furthermore, a high overlap of spatial information in text and picture was helpful, which can be explained by the assumption that learning is a text-guided process. On the other hand, regarding non-spatial visual information, a high text-picture overlap did not influence learning, probably because text alone was sufficient for acquiring visual knowledge. The implications of these findings are discussed.

A dinâmica temporal da atenção na memória de trabalho visual / The temporal dynamics of attention in visual working memory / La dinamica temporale de la atención en la memoria de trabajo visual

A orientação da atenção, por meio de uma dica retroativa endógena, para locais de uma cena memorizada, favorece positivamente o processamento de forma equivalente ao favorecimento associado à dica endógena nas tarefas perceptivas. Na percepção dicas endógenas e exógenas têm dinâmicas temporais diferentes. Nós investigamos a eficácia e a dinâmica temporal da recuperação da informação armazenada na memória de trabalho visual utilizando dicas retroativas endógenas e exógenas. Nossos resultados mostram que as dicas retroativas endógena e exógena proporcionam um ganho equivalente na acurácia (d') e no tempo de resposta, e que este ganho aumenta com a assincronia entre dica e estímulo teste. Nossos dados mostram que o ganho no desempenho está ligado tanto à validade da dica, como ao intervalo dica-estímulo, mas não aos diferentes tipos de dica, pelo menos nos intervalos investigados.

Orienting attention to a memorized scene using an endogenous cue positively favors processing, in a manner similar to endogenous cueing in perceptual tasks. In perception, endogenous and exogenous cues have different temporal dynamics. We investigated the efficacy and temporal dynamics of retrieval of information held in working memory using two types of retro-cue (endogenous and exogenous), presented in different intervals before the probed stimulus. Our results show that both cue types provide an equivalent benefit in accuracy and response time, which increases at longer cue-target-asynchrony. Our data indicate that performance is linked with cue validity and also with cue-target-asynchrony, but it is not linked with cue type, at least at the investigated intervals.

La orientación de la atención, por medio de una pista retroactiva endógena, para lugares de una escena memorizada, favorece positivamente el procesamiento de forma equivalente al favorecimiento asociado a la pista endógena en las tareas perceptivas. En la percepción pistas endógenas y exógenas tienen dinámicas temporales diferentes. Hemos investigamos la eficacia y la dinámica temporal de la recuperación de la información almacenada en la memoria de trabajo utilizando pistas retroactivas endógenas y exógenas, presentadas a diferentes intervalos antes del estímulo test. Nuestros resultados muestran que las pistas retroactivas endógenas y exógenas proporcionan un beneficio equivalente en exactitude (d') y tiempo de respuesta, y que este beneficio aumenta con la asincronía entre pista y estímulo test. El rendimiento parece estar vinculado tanto a la validez de la pista, como al intervalo de estímulo, pero no a los diferentes tipos de pista, al menos en los intervalos investigados.

Análise imagética de fac-símile sobre a história da síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida / Facsimile imagery analysis on the history of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Demonstrar o uso de imagem como indutor imagético para as pesquisas de memória social em saúde eenfermagem a partir de uma imagem emblemática sobre a história da síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida.Métodos: utilização de uma matriz de análise imagética com quatro itens sobre a imagem divulgada no JornalO Globo de 28/09/1987, página 13. Resultados: os resultados foram contextualizados à imagem símbolo deuma pandemia, por meio de elementos públicos midiáticos correspondentes à década de 1980, no Brasil. Emdestaque as atitudes da profissional de enfermagem que se diz contaminada pelo vírus da imunodeficiênciahumana no espaço laboral, sendo este assunto midiático publicado em um jornal de circulação nacional. Trata-sede fotojornalismo que pode servir como instrumento para estudos de memória social em saúde e enfermagem.Conclusão: a análise da matriz é ratificada como ferramenta de pesquisa de memória social e documentalimagética, aplicável em pesquisas em enfermagem...

Mutual information-based feature selection for low-cost BCIs based on motor imagery.

In the present study a feature selection algorithm based on mutual information (MI) was applied to electro-encephalographic (EEG) data acquired during three different motor imagery tasks from two dataset: Dataset I from BCI Competition IV including full scalp recordings from four subjects, and new data recorded from three subjects using the popular low-cost Emotiv EPOC EEG headset. The aim was to evaluate optimal channels and band-power (BP) features for motor imagery tasks discrimination, in order to assess the feasibility of a portable low-cost motor imagery based Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) system. The minimal sub set of features most relevant to task description and less redundant to each other was determined, and the corresponding classification accuracy was assessed offline employing linear support vector machine (SVM) in a 10-fold cross validation scheme. The analysis was performed: (a) on the original full Dataset I from BCI competition IV, (b) on a restricted channels set from Dataset I corresponding to available Emotiv EPOC electrodes locations, and (c) on data recorded with the EPOC system. Results from (a) showed that an offline classification accuracy above 80% can be reached using only 5 features. Limiting the analysis to EPOC channels caused a decrease of classification accuracy, although it still remained above chance level, both for data from (b) and (c). A top accuracy of 70% was achieved using 2 optimal features. These results encourage further research towards the development of portable low cost motor imagery-based BCI systems.

Método de análise imagética: Cazuza na revista Veja como ícone da Aids na década de 1980 no Brasil / Imagetic analysis method: Cazuza as an iconic image for Aids in the 1980's in Brazil

Este estudo teve por objetivo demonstrar o uso da análise semiótica em fac-símile como documento de pesquisa e resgate da memória social na temática do HIV/Aids. Utilizou-se uma matriz de análise imagética com quatro itens sobre a capa da revista Veja, de 26 de abril de 1989, com a manchete ­ "Cazuza - uma vítima da Aids agoniza em praça pública". Os resultados foram contextualizados à imagem símbolo de uma pandemia, por meio de elementos públicos midiáticos correspondentes à década de 1980 no Brasil. As discussões se relacionaram com a atitude pela qual o artista retratado expressa sua posição na mídia frente a síndrome. A reportagem de capa da Veja 1.077, prestes a completar 26 anos, ainda consta no ranking das matérias mais comentadas da história da revista, podendo servir como instrumento para estudos de memória social. Conclui-se que a análise da matriz é ratificada como ferramenta de pesquisa de memória social e documental imagética, podendo ser utilizada em estudos de representação social. (AU)

The present study aims to demonstrate the use of semiotic analysis as a research tool in the field of HIV/aids and to draw attention to HIV/Aids in social memory. We used an image analysis matrix with four items on the cover of Veja magazine from the April 26, 1989 that had the following headline: "Cazuza - an AIDS victim agonizes in public". Results were contextualized as a pandemic through midia public elements corresponding to the 1980's in Brazil. The discussion is related to the way the artist expresses his position on the syndrome in the media. The cover story from issue 1,077 of Veja, about to be 26-years-old, still ranks as one of the most talked about in the history of the magazine, which renders it appropriate as a toll in social memory studies. In conclusion, the matrix analyses is confirmed as a tool in social memory and imagetic documental research, and can be used in social representation studies. (AU)

Linking perceptual learning with identical stimuli to imagery perceptual learning.

Perceptual learning is usually thought to be exclusively driven by the stimuli presented during training (and the underlying synaptic learning rules). In some way, we are slaves of our visual experiences. However, learning can occur even when no stimuli are presented at all. For example, Gabor contrast detection improves when only a blank screen is presented and observers are asked to imagine Gabor patches. Likewise, performance improves when observers are asked to imagine the nonexisting central line of a bisection stimulus to be offset either to the right or left. Hence, performance can improve without stimulus presentation. As shown in the auditory domain, performance can also improve when the very same stimulus is presented in all learning trials and observers were asked to discriminate differences which do not exist (observers were not told about the set up). Classic models of perceptual learning cannot handle these situations since they need proper stimulus presentation, i.e., variance in the stimuli, such as a left versus right offset in the bisection stimulus. Here, we show that perceptual learning with identical stimuli occurs in the visual domain, too. Second, we linked the two paradigms by telling observers that only the very same bisection stimulus was presented in all trials and asked them to imagine the central line to be offset either to the left or right. As in imagery learning, performance improved.

Effect of time delay on recognition memory for pictures: the modulatory role of emotion.

This study investigated the modulatory role of emotion in the effect of time delay on recognition memory for pictures. Participants viewed neutral, positive and negative pictures, and took a recognition memory test 5 minutes, 24 hours, or 1 week after learning. The findings are: 1) For neutral, positive and negative pictures, overall recognition accuracy in the 5-min delay did not significantly differ from that in the 24-h delay. For neutral and positive pictures, overall recognition accuracy in the 1-week delay was lower than in the 24-h delay; for negative pictures, overall recognition in the 24-h and 1-week delay did not significantly differ. Therefore negative emotion modulates the effect of time delay on recognition memory, maintaining retention of overall recognition accuracy only within a certain frame of time. 2) For the three types of pictures, recollection and familiarity in the 5-min delay did not significantly differ from that in the 24-h and the 1-week delay. Thus emotion does not appear to modulate the effect of time delay on recollection and familiarity. However, recollection in the 24-h delay was higher than in the 1-week delay, whereas familiarity in the 24-h delay was lower than in the 1-week delay.

Análise iconográfica articulada / Articulate iconographic analysis / Análisis iconográfico articulado

Trata-se de um ensaio teórico que tem como objeto de estudo a utilização das técnicas de análise de conteúdo (AC) e análise do discurso (AD) em estudos iconográficos. Objetivou realizar uma análise dessas técnicas articuladas na construção de uma proposição para o desenvolvimento da análise iconográfica (AI). Entre as mais variadas técnicas de análise de dados, a AI, nela inserida a fotográfica, AC e a AD têm sido empregadas por pesquisadores qualitativos das variadas áreas do conhecimento. Os resultados indicam que este tipo de ensaio possa vir a subsidiar novos estudos nos quais os pesquisadores lancem mão da técnica de análise iconográfica articulada (AIA) para aprofundar o conhecimento sobre um determinado fenômeno imagético. Este ensaio tem a intenção de preencher uma lacuna existente nos estudos imagéticos de grande importância na investigação científica.

This is a theoretical essay whose object is the use of content analysis (CA) and discourse analysis in iconographic studies. It aims at evaluating those articulate techniques and at proposing the development of iconographic analysis (IA). Among a variety of data analysis techniques, IA, including photographic, CA and DA has been adopted by qualitative researchers in many realms. Results suggest that this kind of essay could provide support in the use of articulate iconographic analysis (AIA) in research to foster knowledge on a particular imagery phenomenon. This essay intends to bridge the gap in imagery studies of great importance to scientific investigation.

Este es un ensayo que tiene como objeto de estudio la utilización de las técnicas de análisis de contenido (AC) y de análisis del discurso (AD) en los estudios iconográficos. Tuvo como objetivo realizar un análisis de esas técnicas articuladas en la construcción de una proposición para el desarrollo del análisis iconográfico (AI). Entre las diferentes técnicas de análisis de datos, la AI, en ella inserida la fotográfica, AC y AD, ha ganado un gran espacio entre los investigadores cualitativos de las variadas áreas del conocimiento. Los resultados indican que este tipo de ensayo podría subvencionar nuevos estudios en los que los investigadores lanzan mano de la técnica de análisis iconográfico articulada (AIA) para aumentar el conocimiento acerca de un fenómeno imaginético. Este ensayo tiene la intención de llenar un vacío en los estudios de imaginéticos de gran importancia en la investigación científica.

Evaluación y modulación de la memoria emocional: un estudio preliminar / Evaluation and modulation of emotional memory: a preliminary study

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la memoria de imágenes con diferente contenido emocional, y analizar si la realización de una tarea, con distintos niveles de complejidad, modulaba el recuerdo posterior de los participantes. Para ello 64 estudiantes observaron 24 imágenes emocionales y 24 neutras. Inmediatamente después, realizaban una tarea, que consistía en la resolución de operaciones matemáticas con distinto grado de dificultad. Una semana más tarde se evaluó a los participantes en una prueba de recuerdo libre. Como resultado se observó que las imágenes con contenido emocional se recordaron significativamente más que las neutras. La realización de la tarea no afectó la consolidación de la información acerca de las imágenes. Sin embargo, al igual que en la literatura, se encontró que el contenido emocional de las fotografías actuó como un neuromodulador facilitando la memoria de las imágenes emocionales, en comparación con las neutras.

Evaluación y modulación de la memoria emocional: un estudio preliminar / Evaluation and modulation of emotional memory: a preliminary study

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la memoria de imágenes con diferente contenido emocional, y analizar si la realización de una tarea, con distintos niveles de complejidad, modulaba el recuerdo posterior de los participantes. Para ello 64 estudiantes observaron 24 imágenes emocionales y 24 neutras. Inmediatamente después, realizaban una tarea, que consistía en la resolución de operaciones matemáticas con distinto grado de dificultad. Una semana más tarde se evaluó a los participantes en una prueba de recuerdo libre. Como resultado se observó que las imágenes con contenido emocional se recordaron significativamente más que las neutras. La realización de la tarea no afectó la consolidación de la información acerca de las imágenes. Sin embargo, al igual que en la literatura, se encontró que el contenido emocional de las fotografías actuó como un neuromodulador facilitando la memoria de las imágenes emocionales, en comparación con las neutras.(AU)